In 1815, when the Bourbons returned to Naples, the population of the Neapolitan State was 5,060,000 inhabitants. In 1836, the population was 6,081,993 inhabitants, and in 1846 the population reached 8,423,316. In the next ten years after 1846 to 9,117,050.
This dizzying increase in the population has a name and surname: welfare and progress (civil and social). During 127 years of government the Neapolitan State, with the Bourbons at lead and the will of Neapolitans to indipendence and progress, gave prosperity to all the people. Prosperity to 3 million souls, in 1734, and even to 9 million in 1856.
What happened? How was this possible?
In Napolitania no roads were built since the time of the Romans and the Spanish viceroys impoverished people demanding taxes and duties, the barons are overgrown civil life, the countryside was deserted, the woods had invaded the fertile lands of most of the Kingdom, the pirates raided the coast, there was hardly any trade and, since there are no police, no one respects laws and the barons and their mafia style were the true masters of society.
The Bourbons succeeded where others failed, harnessed and made almost harmless barons, built streets, reconstituted the army and local government which gave the ancient independence, gave impetus to industry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism.
Finally, among the States, became the first in the Italian peninsula and among the first in the world. The railroads, invented in 1820, made their first appearance in Naples 1839. At the expense of the treasury in 1842 railroads reached Capua, and then Nola, Sarno and Sansevero. In 1837 came the gas and the electric telegraph in 1852.
With the welfare of the population increased throughout the kingdom, and for this reason also the same public revenues increased, in fact, increased fivefold.
The streets were safe, not robbers or pirates on sea; eliminated the feudal law did order and granted the territories, first in the world, to those who worked the land, the woods were so uprooted to make way for orchards and vineyards; swamps were drained in the whole kingdom, and given away to farmers, were dammed rivers and streams.
Order in public administration was now a Neapolitan excellence.
The public school was institutionalized as a primary and the religious schools worked like support. Secularism and religion mashed up, giving new impetus to the realm of culture. Flourished painters, architects, sculptors, musicians and great development was the craft.
The Teatro San Carlo, was built in just 270 days and the same cultural trend gave rise to Officina dei Papiri, the Archaeological Museum, the Botanical Garden, the Astronomical Observatory, the National Library, the world's first Seismological observatory at Vesuvius.
Industrial development was overwhelming and in twenty years has reached previously unimaginable in the textile and in metallurgic sector with 1,600,000 workers against the 1,100,000 workers in the rest of the Italian peninsula.
Tech industries were born, giving birth to railways and steamers, and building the first iron bridge in Italian Peninsula, works of highly engineered in part still visible on the river Garigliano and Calore.
The navigation was developed in an impressive way, first in the Italian peninsula, Neapolitans created a Maritime Code and developed a network of lighthouse long the whole coast of the Kingdom.
The merchant vessels of Kingdom of Two Sicilies sailed the seas around the world and the Neapolitan fleet was second only to the English one and so war fleet, the third in Europe behind the English and the French. Shipping companies and so teeming shipyards, all with first class Neapolitan workmanship, and its shipwrights and carpenters and so the sailmakers were demanded all over the world.
Textile, marine, engineering swarmed all over the kingdom to Pietrarsa, with thousands of workers and seven armature, it was the cutting edge. The workers worked eight hours a day and earning enough to sustain their families and they were the first among Italian pre-unification states to got entitled to a state pension as a pension system was set up (with a deduction of 2% on salaries).
In the Kingdom unemployment was nonexistent, and emigration was unknown.
More than one million six hundred thousand people in the industry, there were two hundred thousand merchants and three and a half million farmers.
The money in circulation and banks subsidized companies with low interest loans. The branches were common in every town and village, and the first in the world, the banks of the Kingdom, were authorized by the Government to issue credit on beliefs that the first checks of the modern economic history.
Tourism was not far behind other industries: Sicily and Napolitania were/are rich in archaeological finds from ancient times: Greek, Oscan and Roman, who, along with museums and libraries, gave a remarkable impetus to the construction of hotels and pensions increased as travelers year after year.
The result was the first Italian travel agencies and Charles III of Bourbon, realizing the importance of Pompeii and Herculaneum, lavishing money means and founded the Academy of Herculaneum, thus, in fact, to begin excavation.
Today Pompeii is one of the most visited cities in the world with one million attendance at 'year.
In addition to draining the swamps, to give jobs to workers and peasants, established military colleges like Nunziatella Cultural Academy, schools of Arts and Crafts, pawnshop and Frumentaria.
Universities churn out fine professionals and scientists, and the Neapolitan State boasted the lowest rate of infant mortality in Italy. They were spread across the hospitals, hospices and over 9,000 physicians.
The state was in good health, the deficit was almost non-existent, gold and its heritage was the envy of all nations.
Having good management and prudent finances, the Paris Stock Exchange, then the world's largest, quoted Neapolitan government bonds to 120 percent, it was the highest of all countries.
In the international conference in Paris in 1856 was assigned to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies the prize of the third country in the world, after Britain and France, for industrial development.
The industry leading, wisely controlled by the State and assisted by the central banking system, earned first consumer products that served the community and then begin to export.
The processing industry of agricultural products was essential for the development of agriculture as the textile industry for grazing. Hundreds of mills to grind the olives, hundreds of mills turned wheat into flour of the Kingdom, thousands of furnaces scattered throughout the cities and villages working bread, pasta and produced dozens of canned pasta.
All this is now, to most people, is unknown in the North of Italy, also in the South itself.
On February 13, 1861 fell the fortress of Gaeta: three months of resistance, three months of massacres perpetrated by General Cialdini. 160 000 bombs razed the city and weaken the Tyrrhenian and for all its vitality.
Camillo Benso di Cavour gave to General Cialdini order to destroy Gaeta , it was delaying the time for his design. The Prime Minister knew that Piedmont was bankrupt, he knew that syphilis was devouring him.
Before he died he wanted to see implemented his masterpiece: the so-called unification of Italy.
February 13, 1861 is a date that every Neapolitan should remenber, it is then that began a relentless resistance against the invaders in Napolitania.
On this date was born the Neapolitan question, later called Questione Meridionale, dehumanizating the question calling a people victim of genocide with a geographical term "meridionali".
The prosperous Kingdom was plundered of its riches and its laws, was sacrificed to the national cause, was sacrificed to Freemasonry, which ran from London and established the new world order. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the only international ambition the Neapolitan kingdom had, was to be free and independent from foreign influences, but international conspiracy fed it to the hungry Piedmont.
In 1861 the Piedmont, on behalf of Mr. Albert Pike, Grand Worshipful Master of the Masons in London, began the first great genocide and ethnic cleansing in the history of the italic peninsula.
In mid-August newspapers printed regime with the emphasis the military victories of the army, and Savoy did go through a great battle of Castellandolfo the skirmish, while a curtain of silence descended on the massacres perpetrated by the general Piedmont against unarmed citizens.
Guns against defenseless cities, hung fire to the houses, fields, bayonets stuck into the flesh of young people, priests, farmers, pregnant women raped, slaughtered, children killed; old mowed to the ground.
Robberies, churches invaded, looted, stolen their treasures, paintings, statues stolen, monuments destroyed, books burned, schools closed by decree.
The mass shooting became a daily practice. In ten years from 1861 to 1871 approximately nine hundred thousand people were killed on a total population of 9,117,050. Never no statistics were given by the governments of Piedmont. No one had to know.
Some foreign newspapers published the figures terrifying: from September 1860 to August 1861 there were 8,968 shot, 10,604 wounded, 6,112 prisoners, 64 priests, 22 brothers, 60 men and 50 women were killed, 13,529 arrested, 918 houses were burnt, 3,000 families dispersed, ransacked 12 churches, 1,428 municipalities raised.
Data that were underestimated at least a hundred times, the news of the war gave the ministry with the dropper, must have seemed as foreign journalist was all quiet and never allowed to see what was happening in the southern provinces. The revolutionary movement antipiemontese called brigantaggio, in reality was a huge resistance movement, for the defense of their country, their king and the Catholic Church, against a Masonic mob who wanted to colonize their Patria.
That sect still rules
Figures published foreign newspapers were underestimated, the Piedmontese government had given orders to put on fire the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and gave free rein to the various military commanders. The Piedmontese army was taught and trained to massacres of defenseless populations, indiscriminate reprisals, looting, shooting at the summary of the farmers caught with weapons in hand, or only suspected, arrested or suspected of being partisans, shootings, even of relatives of them, a state of siege of entire countries.
Some commanders emanated Piedmont, between 1861 and 1862, notices that the Nazis would never have dreamed of applying to people of Germanic origin.
Of course, the Piedmontese were not Italian and felt right, against all the conventions, and international law, to do what they wanted, they can shoot anyone who transgressed the many prohibitions.
Generals, colonels, and officers who participated in more than repression must have felt in their hearts, cowards.
Let's just say that they were war criminals so much so that even today, after 150 years, is not taught in schools the true story of the Risorgimento to the Piedmont South, in fact, was true colonization and mass murder.
The adjutant of Vittorio Emanuele II, General Solaroli, the farmers called the biggest rogue of the last class. The farmers had to all be shot, not to know anything to the authorities. Imprison them was not convenient because, once in jail, the State should support them.
The most determined and fierce was the war criminal General Cialdini, said Berluski, who after having massacred Gaeta telegraphed to the governor of Molise: "Face to publish a notice that shoot all armed villagers who look only to the troops and give the neighborhood,"
General Fanti issued a decree that sanctioned the extraordinary jurisdiction of military courts for those guilty of robbery.
General Pinelli is passed, it extended the death penalty to those who had: ".. to those who by word or act insulted the arms of Savoy, the portrait of the king or the national flag. "
General della Rocca, another champion and hero of Piedmont, who gave the order: "you do not lose time in taking prisoners, as the governors had imprisoning farmers too."
In a week in Teramo 526 farmers were shot and as many Scurcola, and so in Isernia and Rionero Sannitico and in many other countries of the South
Colonel Peter Fumel claimed to have had him shot "bandits and robbers" and subjected to unspeakable torture and abuse prisoners.
THE NORTH TO THE SOUTH I will not let EVEN CRY FOR THE EYES
The Bourbons had kept intact their reign, the Piedmontese, who had invaded a kingdom without a declaration of war, they found gold and money, looted everything there was to be plundered, massacred entire populations, they set on fire the South for ten years, the impoverished, transferring all his wealth in the Piedmont.
Francis II, starting from Gaeta February 14, 1861, said the skipper Vincenzo Criscuolo, "Vincenzino, the Neapolitans did not want to judge me for a reason, but I have the consciousness of having always done my duty, the North will not leave even the southern eyes to weep. "
Never were words so true!
From 1860 to 1870, the Piedmontese were able to loot everything there was to be taken, emptied the coffers of the municipalities, those banks, those of poor peasants, those of religious communities, convents, churches and plundered the country, dismantled the machinery of the factories to assemble in the north; stolen works of art, paintings, statues.
Piedmont ended up in the coffers around six hundred million from the sale of church property and as many from the sale of state property that the Bourbons, always reserved to the peasants and shepherds.
The mines of iron, Metallurgical Laboratory of Mongiana in Calabria; textile Ciociaria; manufactures of Terra di Lavoro, the many shipyards scattered throughout the South, the magnificent factory Pietrarsa that gave the work led to seven people, public schools and, above all, dignity and freedom were taken to Southern who courageously chose to die on the mountains of the partisans' Apennines, rather than seeing the ground trodden by the Neapolitan home "and hordes of thieves assassjnj the North. "
They were so rapacious that the proponents of unified Italy in Naples were also stolen the batteries in the kitchen of the royal palaces. They took the path of Turin also two huge carved bronze mortars, which were in the military hospitals of the Trinity and the Holy Sacrament, these works were created by Benvenuto Cellini.
The whole South was looted and stripped of its factories and its wealth: a civil war that ended in 1871, the most honest and best minds in business class, the little that remained of the middle class as well as a myriad of peasants and workers South, which until 1860 had never been emigration, were forced to enrich the states of the American continent.
It all began when the famous, so to speak brave, "a war criminal and murderess," Ferdinand Pinelli, crossed the Tronto with his army and was fought by farmers of 'Ascolano. He was stoned and a stone struck the daring general who was angry, he dictated the following notice:
"Officers and soldiers! Your walk upon the banks of the Tronto and those of the Castellana is worthy of praise. S.E. Secretary of War is pleased with you.
Forests, streams, snowy cliffs, craggy rocks did not avail to keep your momentum, the enemy, aiming your pens out on the highest peaks of the mountains where it was thought safe, mistook for those of the eagle 'Savoyard, who carries on the wings of genius of Italy: he saw them, turned pale and fled.
Officers and soldiers! You operaste lot, but nothing is done when something remains to be done.
A bunch of the offspring of thieves still lurks in the mountains, run to flush out and be as inexorable as fate. Against such enemies, the pity is a crime.
VIII and kneeling, when they see you in number, treacherously behind assail you, when you believe the weak, wounded and slaughter. Indifferent to any political principle, eager only to plunder and robbery, or are the hired thugs of the vicar, not of Christ, but Satan, ready to sell to others their dagger.
When gold snatched the stupid cruelty will no longer suffice to brown their desires, we will annihilate, crush the priesthood this vampire that sucks the filthy mouth for centuries the blood of our mother, purified by fire and sword regions infested from 'its slime unclean and will rise from those ashes lush and strong freedom for the province of Ascoli. "
The Savoy, Bixio, the Boiola, the Brignone, the Cavour, Cialdini, the Cugia, Del Giudice, De Luca, Fantoni, the flour, Fumel, the Garibaldi, La Marmora, the Martini, the Pinelli one day be tried by a court of morals. They will all be condemned by history
Until 1860, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, full of peace, memories, customs, commerce, prosperity, arts, industries, fisheries, agriculture, handicrafts, was the envy of the nations: free schools , theaters, engineering works, marvelous museums, railways, gas, factories, works of charity, docks, shipyards, arsenals, providing employment to all people.
There was no unemployment
It was the first socialist state, the first state of the enlightened world.
Had to be shot. Freemasonry does not forgive those who live in dignity and free. Freemasonry needs servants, slaves were the liberals and their lackeys.
Alexander White, Count of Saint-Jorioz, Piedmont, destroyer of people too, had moments of lucid analysis writing his memoirs on the banditry and the causes that led to the peasants' revolt after unification: "... The Piedmont has made use of exiles ambitious , inept, servile, regardless of the fate of their country and concerned only to make himself welcome, with their acts of subservience to those who acquiesce, from Turin, now decides the fate of the Neapolitan provinces. And next to these men, flatterers and biased, Piedmont has placed greater responsibility in the offices of the worst elements of the country: children of the most heinous Bourbon spies paid for fame by the police, judges are now in office or District Judges, prefects, or under delegates from police offices are now defamed and people everywhere and rotting diverse staff whose sole merit of having hastened to accept the program Italy and Victor Emmanuel, and a single quality: that of being able to serve those in power. "
The hypocrisy and sycophancy of these men had its foundation: the personal enrichment. These, the homeland, did not care about how they do not care if hundreds of thousands of their countrymen were passed by the arms, in fact they were the ones to feed them to the military because they were not an obstacle to their depredations. The printing system did the rest.
Everything smelled of Piedmont was or was all that was glorified and held up to public contempt was Bourbon.
Giuseppe Massari, for example, wrote to Cavour, the Piedmontese troops in the Abruzzi and Molise were welcomed as "liberators, and the joy of the crowd was indescribable and great popular enthusiasm."
This Mr. Massari, who then became part of the Committee of Inquiry into the robbery of the South, would appear to the Prime Minister as one who had done the miracle of making all those people Piedmont wire. He knew very well that the reality was quite different: both the Abruzzo Molise Piedmont received the shot.
Once in power the Liberal Masonic quest'accozzaglia escalated beyond belief that the souls of peasants demanding justice and wrongs received; claimed the state-owned land and were forcefully expelled from those lands; demanding bread and gave him death.
A drop to spill from the vessel was the announcement that I saw the presentation of conscripts and deserters by 31 January 1861. Wherever he was posted disorder occurred and fires municipalities, thus began the hunt for young people to scientific raids with the stragglers. All deserters were shot on the spot.
Thus began armed resistance against the invaders of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
The Piedmontese officers paid no attention to the shape, the shooting became an everyday thing, and thus began the saga of the peasantry, the massacres of whole populations, burning crops and towns considered dens of robbers.
The Piedmontese military, the so-called blue Savoy, massacred 8968 peasants in nine months, without mercy; orders executed criminals and gave them greater power to plunder and pillage.
They started to burn entire villages to instill fear, fear and terrore.In little time around the South rebelled against the new invaders and paid a heavy price in dead.
Scurcola was devastated by the Piedmontese, and so Carbonara. Avigliano, Gioia del Colle and many other cities were burned and their inhabitants massacred: Pontelandolfo, Casalduni, Venosa, birthplace of Horace, Barrel, Monteverde, S. Mark Rignano, Spinelli, Montefalcione, Auletta and a hundred other città.Mai know the number of peasants slain, shot, murdered.
Antonio Gramsci, who was born in Ales in Sardinia, but a native of Gaeta, who had given birth to his father Joseph in August 1860 and whose grandfather, Don Gennaro Gramsci, was captain of the Bourbon gendarmerie, speaking of the Southern question he said that: " .. . The Italian State has been a fierce dictatorship that put on fire in southern Italy and the islands, crucifixion, quartering, burying alive the poor farmers who tried to besmirch the writers employed under the brand name of robbers. "
The Piedmont was massacring people, was destroying the economy of the South, was imposing by force the new order sought by English Freemasonry.
The law Bourbon on the lever was mild and accommodating; Sicily it was esente.La law of Ferdinand II of 1834 exempted only children, children of widows, the married, the breadwinner, deacons, seminarians, a family with many children they gave only one question to be a soldier and you could be free by sovereign grace.
The Law of Piedmont families and destroyed their economy. All the boys were obliged to serve in the military and often sent to the north to take instructions and then go to shoot their brothers in the South
Their minds were full of anger, a trifle was enough to burst the anger that kept everyone in the body. The farmers wanted to restore the ancient kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Savoy liberalmassoni wanted that guaranteed their power and money.
The MASONIC HORDE
In a world of mice born a nation of rodents
Piedmont: a servant of the will of Freemasonry has always addressed the Italian policy.
In 1861 Piedmont was headed by the great Albert Pike and Freemasonry today at Mister Trilateral Commission.
The Globe on March 12, 1849, British newspaper, a spokesman for the High started Palmerston, Minister of Queen Victoria, an article appeared that was practically a true prophetic book and we can say, without exaggeration, that he had been secretly trained in the Holy Temple of Masonry London :
".. . And 'to believe that the events of last year have not been the first scene of a drama fruitful results of larger and more peaceful. The building erected by the Congress of Vienna was so arbitrary and contrived that each man saw clearly that the liberal state would not stand the first shock of Europe. The entire system established by the Congress of Vienna was dissolved and Lord Palmerston had acted wisely when he refused their competition put up a rampant wave dam. The plan is that he has designed a new configuration of Europe through the establishment of a strong united Germany that could be a wall of separation between France and Russia, the creation of a united Polish-Magyar intended to complete the work against the giant of the north, then a higher realm of Italy led by the House of Savoy. "
The pattern was clear, had to be implemented in terms of the prophecy of Comenius Lux in Tenebris, due to the effect that would arise from, the darkness as a light source that would integrate a Super-Church every religion through the national consistories, the National Churches, in order to reach in the name of a unitive and philanthropic humanism and tolerance, to proclaim the equality and the equal dignity of all religions
This project was met with a formidable obstacle: the Catholic church with its hierarchy, the most Catholic House of Habsburg of Austria, the Czar of Holy Russia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, was the first in the world, the latter had been able to integrate Catholic dogma with the word of the Gospel into practice by laws that were not above the news of the French Revolution or the Communist Campanella and Marx.
This new order was to take political and moral upheaval of unprecedented violence.
In Italy the task to reverse that order, as we saw in 'the Globe article, he was assigned to the House of Savoy and Piedmont, voted to Great Consorteria. In fact all the other sovereigns were extremely devoted to the Church of Rome. The most backward state of Italy would have to give light to boot! At your service Freemasonry began in London men, money and resources, especially money and gold. House of Savoy was to carry out the orders of London after ruthlessly.
London sent Lord Gladstone and Lord Minthe in Naples and other Italian emissaries in various provinces to prepare the liberal revolution to the orders of Joseph Mazzini, the head of the Italian Carbonari, whose ultimate goal, according to its founder Antonio Genovese Maghella, was ".. . That of Voltaire and the French Revolution: the complete annihilation of Catholicism and ultimately of Christianity. "
But back to our Neapolitan farmers and workers
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was conquered militarily and without a declaration of war.
Was independent since 1734 and was led by a king who spoke Italian Neapolitan. His people were resourceful, peaceful, prosperous, and its industry gave employment to two million people, agriculture was flourishing, the fleet numbered 9848 ships, second only to the English Imperial fleet, gold reserves were active and there was no public deficit, unemployment was zero.
The little Piedmont, reinforced by English Freemasonry, instrument and servant of Lord Palmerston, in the South unleashed a ferocious repression against the peasants and the clergy.
From 1860 to 1871 the South became an inferno.
Terror reigned, the mass genocide was the rule and law. We had to destroy a people whose crime was to be Catholic and loyal to his king, the pope and to his land, which has always considered his home.
Piedmont had been delegated by English Freemasonry to create a middle class secular, liberal, greedy, unscrupulous.
Centralized power, annulled the fiscal autonomy of municipalities, canceled all those institutions, both public and religious, which for centuries had allowed a unique balance to the world, which allowed the weak to defend themselves against abuses of the rich.
The Piedmont canceled the welfare state that had elected Poodle moral heritage.
The Piedmont, thanks to the policy of various governments confiscated hundreds of millions from the sale of church property and state property.
In 1860 the public debt amounted to the sum of the Piedmont over a billion dollars at the time (1.159.970.595.43) and had to pay £ 57.561.532.18 annual interest to the English bank, a mountain of debt, a frightening chasm that 4 million people would never be able to pay.
This debt was filled with tears and blood on the shoulders of the people attached with the unification of Italy.
According to data from the first censimentonto of united Italy (1861) shows that of 668 million pounds in funds appropriated in Piedmont, 443 belonged to the very Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
NORTH THIEF
When we speak of industry, the collective imagination to think North, thinks the industrial triangle Milan, Genoa, Turin, as if the Almighty had chosen the Po Valley to lead the economy, as if the South were unable to produce goods, but only able to consume wealth.
Reading the statistics of the first census of the unification of Italy, we find that workers in the industry
1,595,359 were in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
376,955 against the Kingdom of Sardinia,
465,003 of the Lombardy
66,325 of the Duchy of Parma,
The 71,759 of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Massa,
130,062 of the Romagna,
16,344 of the Marches,
The 10,955 Umbria,
33,456 of the Tuscany.
These data are provided by the Piedmontese government in 1861 and therefore irrefutable. 1,595,359 employees in the industry of the Bourbon Kingdom 1,170,859 people against the rest of Italy.
The Campania region in 1860 was among the most industrialized region of the world and today, after 150 years of liberal Masonic power, is called the land of the Camorra.
For over a century Masonic writers employed by the regime have denigrated the Bourbons and their kingdom, so that the word Bourbon, reigning nell'accezione, has become synonymous with the backlog of inefficient.
Of course, the North and South Hacks, state of the art whores, scum and rotten filthy spineless, manure and rubbish, which was and is at heart only the most sinister servility to the regime and Piedmont first Masonic bourgeois capitalist today have muddied a people, a kingdom and its administration, its administrative efficiency and fiscal, have muddied the peasants of the South who were rushed to defend their country calling bandits, have muddied the story.
It is currently under the eyes of all debts of the chasm that State!
In 1860, they slaughtered the South and the South has paid a huge price due to the uniform: nearly a million dead, including executed, imprisoned, gone mad, one-tenth of the population, 20 million immigrants, the plundering of public lands and church property, Southern robbed of all their savings.
The Hacks regime continue to write the history books lying on Unity of Italy, give stunning blow to the South of parasitism; still call "Bourbon" mismanagement and Piedmont-style bureaucracy and, above all, have managed to inculcate in 'imagination, without explaining the causes, constantly bombarding the minds of the people now sap, which means South Mafia, Camorra means, means' Ndrangheta, it means doing nothing, assisted means.
Here, these Hacks are hoping to put a veil on human intelligence, to make someone forget the miseries of the North, the massacres perpetrated by the invading Piedmont, bullying liberalmassoni of yesterday and today and above would have us forget that the South was rich .
The finances of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860 were a huge prize for the Piedmont and Garibaldi's mercenaries in the pay of English.
Victor Gleijeses in his History of Naples writes: "... the treasure of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies revitalize the finances of the new state, while the unification weighed substantially the situation in southern Italy, as the Piedmont and Tuscany were in debt up to your hair Sardinia and the kingdom was in full failure. The former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, therefore, healed the liabilities of hundreds of millions of pounds of public debt of the new Italy, and for all reward, the south, overwhelmed by the strict tax system Savoy, was downgraded almost to the level of the colony. With the unification, in Naples, increased taxes and fees, while the Piedmont saw reduced their taxable income and with the money stolen from the South could increase their industries and their business. "
Ferdinand Ritter wrote that: "... the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies contributed to the formation of 'national tax authorities, after the unification of Italy, to the extent of no less than 443 million pounds in gold, while the Piedmont, Liguria and Sardinia it corresponded 27, 8.1, Lombardy, Veneto 12.7, 0.4, the Duchy of Modena, Parma and Piacenza 1.2, Romagna, the Marches and Umbria, 55.3, 84.2, Tuscany, Rome ... 35.3 ".
The wealth of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was due to good public administration that gave fiscal autonomy to the municipalities. The South enjoyed a wealth of gold just under half a billion pounds in gold, more than double that of the other states of Italy.
In the Kingdom of Two Sicilies emigration was a word that does not exist in the vocabulary, everyone had a job, the occupation was complete, the school was public and free for all, it lacked the private and religious ones, the old homes were welcomed in public or religious, agricultural laborers, when they could not find work in the estates of the gentry, flayed the mountains and we implanted state-owned vineyards, orchards, olive groves, the pastors had free access to pasture, the fishermen were using modern vessels built in the shipyards of the Kingdom, the sailors sailed all the oceans of the world carrying the goods produced in factories in the south of Italy.
Agricultural products, being the pride of a 'healthy agriculture, and were processed in local factories intended for' abroad after fulfilling the needs of indigenous people.
He is astonished to read the statistics for the textile industry, engineering industry with railway transport and merchant of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, because our ears have been accustomed always to hear of a poor South, full of gangsters and being anything, in short, a people of southerners.
In the south there was a dense network of textile factories providing employment for tens of thousands of workers, factories and metal merchant, with a large network of artisans and a modern agricultural processing, time-consuming tissue formed a notch 'order .
Over the centuries, the South had always been an exporter of raw materials and importing manufactured goods.
From 1820 to 1860 the situation changed radically: a real revolution. In 1834 the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies exported wool for 65,991 ducats in 1842 there were imported 1,000 tons to meet the needs of our industries, which increased amount over the years. In 1852 we imported 15,000 tons of wool.
Cotton began to be imported around the thirties as the industries of the South had new needs. In 1838 were imported 1710 tons of cotton in 1852 came to 11,078 quintals. The cotton yarn, 1,439 tons came from the 1830 to 3,429 in 1855.
The products manufactured at first served to meet the needs of the growing domestic market, before being exported all over the world. As a big exporter of wool, twenty years in the South became a major user of the product. In 1855 s'importarono cotton and wool for 100,000 ducats, which were manufactured products industries in the South
Whole areas of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies were revolutionized in a short time for the great mass of workers employed in those industries. 200 000 persons, of which one hundred thousand women were working in the field.
In the Liri Valley, in Ciociaria, local entrepreneurs, aided by a fair banking policy, invested in one year nearly a million of ducats in the textile sector employs about 15 000 workers in a population of 30 000 inhabitants annually producing over 360,000 barrels of fabrics .
In 1846 in Naples and Terra di Lavoro 60 000 worked in the textile workers, 28% of the population residing in the territory.
In the district of Salerno workers employed in textile factories were 10,244. Most famous were the linens of Cava de 'Tirreni.
In a city like Arpino, always Ciociaria, which had 12 000 inhabitants, there were 32 factories employing 7,000 local workers.
This swarm of industries had only one owner: the Banco di Napoli, favored by the laws of the Kingdom and having to invest large capital saved from southern populations, gave wealth by putting the money into the local circuit. All this was facilitated by the continued government protection.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY IN THE KINGDOM OF THE TWO Sicilies
To defend the economy of his reign, Ferdinand II of 15 December 1823 and November 20, 1824, Customs issued measures that protected indigenous industrial development.
Already in 1818, a few years after the Restoration, abandoning the liberal policies that produced profits for few and unemployment for many, the King of Naples had imposed high tariffs on foreign goods imported and minimum duties on goods imported for the development of its lands.
As for exports, high tariffs were set for the raw materials that could be processed by the Neapolitan.
Since 1821, moreover, had been abolished regulations on corporations. They were often anticipated capital to manufacturing by the Discount Bank.
This policy had two of the textile and engineering sectors driving that led many foreigners to invest in the South.
Among them include the Industrial Guppyche, who with his fellow Pattison, had undertaken the construction in Naples of farm machinery and steam engines
The foundry Macry and Henry, with headquarters at the Maddalena bridge, with a thousand employees working in the field of molten iron.
Ferdinand II became, in fact, the most dynamic entrepreneur of the Kingdom.
Thus was born the Royal Precious Mechanical & Polytechnic Pietrarsa, near Naples, with thousands of skilled workers, the flagship of the Neapolitan.
The plant was inaugurated in 1840 by Ferdinand II of poodle. Pietrarsa was the first truly Italian industrial group, there were produced with advanced technologies, trains and locomotives.
The workshops of Breda were born 44 years later and 57 years after the Fiat.
Also on the King's initiative was established the royal foundry in Castelnuovo (500 workers), the Royal Manufactory of Arms in Torre Annunziata (500 workers), the Arsenal of Naples and the Shipyard of Castellammare (2,000 workers).
1,500 workers worked to Ferriere Mongiana in Calabria, with plants in tubs and Pazzano.
Four blast furnaces produced 21,000 tons of pig iron, and 200 skilled workers employed in the establishment of the engineering Cardinal, always in Calabria, and produced 2,000 tons of iron.
Other steel and mechanical centers had arisen in Fuscaldo (Calabria), Picinisco (Earth Work), Piccadilly (Abruzzo), Atripalda (Avellino). Others in Lecce, Foggia, Spinazzola: they all specialized in producing agricultural machinery.
In each country were born small factories that were the backbone of the 'real economy of the Kingdom.
Of particular importance were the pasta industry, leather processing and the production of colors, ceramics, glass, crystals, precious metals, pottery, soaps, furniture, musical instruments of precision.
RAILWAYS IN THE KINGDOM OF THE TWO Sicilies
On October 3, 1839 the inauguration of the Naples-Portici, the first Italian railway: the steam engine covered the distance between the two cities in nine minutes, between two wings of the cheering crowd, curious to see such power in the snorting steam.
The post-Hacks unit is scrambled to support the uselessness of such railroad, to be considered a pastime plaything in the hands of the Bourbon king.
In fact, those intellectuals-assed tried to obscure the magnitude of Ferdinand II lit, very strongly, had wanted to boost the entire industrial structure of the Kingdom.
Other than toys! Behind the locomotive were Pietrarsa industries, and thousands of other Mongiana; industries with skilled and qualified personnel who prepared the boys training.
During the inauguration speech, Ferdinand explained his railway project.
The South had to be crossed by two major railway backbones: the first was to link Naples to Brindisi, Apulia, and the railway from the city would have to reach Pescara, Ancona and Bologna, via Venice, was to rejoin the Rhine and Danube railways.
The second, starting from Calabria and Basilicata would have to go to Rome and then Florence, Genoa and Turin.
In 1840 the railway reached the Greek Tower, Castellammare in 1842, then in 1844, Nocera and Salerno. North of Naples, worked quickly: in 1843 the railroad arrived in 1844 in Caserta and Capua and Sparanise.
Journal of the Piedmont on March 30, 1847, Hilary Petitti of Roreto expressed his admiration for the railway program launched in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.
The Piedmont, backward and warlike, he believed such programs fiction, Cavour had other things to think and the official history of the regime had to go through the "great works" the construction of the canal then called Cavour.
On April 16, 1855 Ferdinand II issued a decree sottofirmato by the Director of State Public Works, moray Savior. The Art. 1 provided:
".. . Melisburgo granted concessions to Mr. Emanuel to build a railway from Naples to Brindisi .... "
On the same day the King signed a decree in another article. 1 stated:
"Providing grants to D. Baron Panfilo de Riseis, to build a railway from Naples to Abruzzi, to Tronto, with a branch to Ceprano, one for Peoples, one for and one for Teramo Sansevero .... "
Ferdinand II had even planned a railway for the transport of animals from the Abruzzi Apulia, to alleviate the hardships of the herdsmen and their losses compensated in order to transport mares at affordable rate.
Edward Spagnuolo, No. 5 in the books of the Neapolitan nation, commented on the end of the dream experienced by populations after the annexation of the southern Piedmont:
"The major railway projects of the Bourbon Government therefore had a precise purpose. The railroads had become an essential support to the Southern economy and be of service to the industrial development of southern Italy was making at that time admirably.
The unity government, after destroying the factories of the South to his advantage, he realized that outdated railway system, together with the shipping routes, is not served to transport goods for factories and mills of the South, but to upload to the underprivileged masses of gray and misty lands of the North or the Americas. "
THE MERCHANT MARINE, THE REAL CAUSE FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF Kingdom of Two Sicilies
The industries of the South always required raw materials and then they needed ships that carry them.
Since the south of Italy crossed the Apennines formed by rugged mountains, and therefore difficult to cross roads, it was only natural, since the time of the Roman Empire, which people and goods traveled by sea.
The whole coast was dotted with towns whose shipyards were renowned throughout the world and providing employment for thousands of workers who worked in related industries.
In 1818 the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies possessed 2,387 ships in 1833 the number rose to 3,283, of which 262 200 tonnes higher than the 42 that went beyond the 300 metric tons.
In 1834 the ships arrived in 5493 to increase to 6,803 in 1838. In 1852 the number of ships and vessels came to 8,884.
In 1860 the merchant fleet Bourbon was the second in Europe after the British and had 9,848 ships for 259,910 tons, of which 17 are steamers for 3,748 tons, 10,413 tons to 23 barks 106,546 tons for 380 brigs, 211 schooners for brick 33,067 tons, 2,432 tons 6 ships and many fishing boats.
The shipyards were scattered all over the Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian and Adriatic. In virtually every coastal city settlements were accompanied by vocational schools, and marine and nautical schools.
Everyone thinks Gaeta, then, was only a military stronghold that gave hospitality to some 10,000 soldiers.
In fact, revolved around the fortress a 'rich and advanced agriculture dotted with about 300 trappeti that gave work to hundreds of people, and there were soap factories and networks.
Gaeta, like other cities of the kingdom, was very rich and its merchant fleet boasted many shipping companies with two thousand sailors serving on the move.
It was composed of 100 brigs, and Martegani, from 60 to 220 tons, 60 tons paranzella of 30-40 and about 200 sailboats from 2 to 20 tons each day on their way to Naples or Rome across the Tiber carrying goods and passengers.
The shipyards of Gaeta, always active, built brigs, galleons, sailing ships and arrows which were also exported.
All this was taking a great prestige and competitiveness Navy, the English Royal Navy.
The Neapolitan ships took away ever larger slices of the shipbuilding market English, were not only good, but cheaper.
The launch of the first steamboat of the Mediterranean, the implementation of routes that arrived in North America, South America and the Pacific, were eroding the Imperial commercial markets.
Above all, from a few years would open the Suez Canal, and to do such a thing would have risked becoming the port Naples, one of the most important ports of Europe, but above the door of Europe to the heart of the British Empire; the Indies.
This could not longer be tolerated.
The Bourbons were aware of this and to calm the waters, had practically given in usufruct to the English in Sicily, the sulfur mines were essential to the English for the production of gunpowder, but it was not enough.
In the aftermath of the invasion of Piedmont, and the shipbuilding industry of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was almost dismantled and removed virtually all, you had to eradicate the root of that formidable economic competitor.
Not only that, the State of Savoy, with a protectionist policy in favor of the North, with advances of capital and generous subsidies to the companies and the nascent industry Ligurian valley, burying the remaining patriotic Southern economy forcing entire populations to hunger.
With the advent of Savoy, the South imported only to defeat hunger and misery which were two possible solutions: revolution or emigration.
All the people, towards the end of 1860, rose up against the Piedmont. But ten years of civil war, and a scorched earth policy to be part of Savoy, came to destroy the entire economic structure of the kingdom and the nation plunged into the abyss.
After the defeat of the Southerners were forced to abandon their land mass.
PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE KINGDOM OF THE TWO Sicilies
In 1734 the South went to Charles III of Bourbon, who, having a dowry of 28 million ducats, thought it well to recompose the State through the culture.
Thus was born 700 in Naples.
The school was the 'institution created to establish itself and to renew the knowledge of gente.Ogni city, every village should be provided with public schools.
Each province was to have a school for men and one for women, where they could learn the primary sciences and fine arts, and for the noble exercises of cultured society.
In the capital the University flourished with different specializations, universities were seen as the final act of public education and sublime.
In 1806, many laws were enacted in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies there was the opening of special schools like the Academy of Fine Arts, School of Arts and Crafts, the Royal Military Academy, the Polytechnic, the Naval Academy, the of the Deaf, a drawing of the arts, a college of surgery and medicine, one of music.
The seminars were held and could play regularly and their social function admirably.
He was born then even the Royal Society, an academy that is, history and antiquities, which took advantage of gifts and privileges, and, likewise, that called for encouragement and Pontanian.
Public education allowed everyone to learn the art of reading and writing, allowing the children of farmers to access to public office, his career in the army and especially the realization of individual freedom and independence for enjoyed the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
The Bourbons lavished many energies to develop public education, which was first committed in 1806 to 33 normal schools, seminaries of the Episcopal Diocese, religious bodies and, as we have seen, at the University of Naples.
Avellino was a college that will grant degrees for law, theology and medicine.
At Salerno gave the degrees in medicine from Salerno PhD degrees who did a school renowned throughout the world.
After 1810 in all municipalities were instituted free primary schools at the expense of municipalities, many of them were established in the provincial capitals.
Ferdinand II wanted to increase the culture and knowledge in his kingdom by introducing another 16 chairs in the University's capital, the Botanical Gardens, the Veterinary College, founded four high schools in Salerno, Catanzaro, Bari and the Eagle.
The public expenditure on education amounted to about one million ducats a year.
The regulations for primary schools were approved December 21, 1819.
The ministry of 12 June 1821 and August 7, 1821 established the way how they should choose their teachers in primary schools. By decree of 13 August 1850 the King appointed inspectors of all the Bishops of the United schools, public and private.
In Naples, there were 14 institutions of secondary education with 1,343 students, two girls of noble institutions with 303 boarders, 32 music conservatories attended by 2,134 students.
After 1861 the Piedmont, scientifically, closed all the schools that were funded with public money.
The operation was to serve two things: make the slave South and colonized, and transfer the money, all those possible, in the North.
Piedmont, a billion dollars of debt with the London banks, needed liquidity constant, even to bring to term the work of ethnic cleansing in southern Italy.
First to be attacked was public education, then they were all emptied the coffers of banks and those of municipalities. Never in the South, was the most ferocious and infamous barbarity.
The Villard, who was sent to the capital to dismantle 1'apparato Neapolitan school, so remember:
"It seemed that it would raise all in Naples. Today, for example, we have dissolved the Academy of Fine Arts, and you pay all the teachers, secondary education, in a town of five hundred thousand souls, we have only a high school of sixty pupils, and this smart and with a minister will .... "
Behold, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies had fallen into the hands of the heirs of Vittorio Emanuele I, the most reactionary of the dynasty of Europe, one that, by abolishing the Napoleonic Code, reestablished the old law and without complicated drives, tax liens and the 'ancient criminal law by flogging, and, most terrible, the cult forbade Catholics to persecute Jews and Waldensians and deadly, most abominable, gave back all of the education in the hands of religious schools for a fee, established by Napoleon abolishing the public .
Similarly fiercely repressed the attempts of the Genoese to regain the ancient dignity and freedom *.
* Between 1 and April 10, 1849, General Alfonso La Marmora Savoy ordered his riflemen 30,000 bombardment of Genoa had rebelled against the tyranny of Piedmont.
The Bersaglieri sacked the city looting goods and things, raping women and children.
Killed an estimated 600 Genovese. Vittorio Emanuele II at the end of that action with La Marmora congratulated the citizens of Genoa defining the "vile and helpless race of scoundrels."
All that was needed to be abolished and public schools as well.
Those who could not afford education, according to the laws of Savoy, had to remain illiterate and the peasantry, called by the mountaineers of Piedmont lowest class of scholars with the shootings and torture.
In a few months, the Piedmontese government destroyed centuries of culture, traditions, history, centuries of freedom and dignity.
At the head of the secondary schools of the United illiterate people was sent, with the sole purpose of dismantling public education and make the people ignorant and servant.
Soon the Piedmont, under the hail of inspectors, deputy inspectors, delegates, caretakers, officers, employees, almost all come from Piedmont, who do not even know the Italian language, "'nfrancesati" as they were massacred and dissolved the school primary and secondary education.
The thugs and cutthroats of Vittorio Emanuele II, King of the gentry and the bourgeoisie Cisalpine, the servants of the Government of the historical right, were ordered to close the Neapolitan Academy of Sciences and Archaeology, famous throughout the world, while L 'Institute of Fine Arts was abolished by decree.
Never the Bourbons had desecrated the culture, nor religion, nor the dignity of workers and peasants. The school was entrusted to men of high moral standing and professionally prepared.
Neapolitan sovereigns not matter if they were political ideas of republican, liberal or legitimist; knew that mathematics or physics could not be politicized in a serious school
Men such as Galuppi, Lanza, Flutes, De Luca, Bernardo Quaranta held up the professorships.
Macedonio Melloni, driven from Parma for his liberal ideas, he was greeted by the Bourbons to bring his experience in the school of the kingdom. The Melloni was recommended at the Bourbon Government by Francis Arago, passionate and ardent Republican, but the Bourbons was most interested in "free institutions to operate in the best way possible."
Almost like now ... ....
Anecdotes
- In 1852, King Ferdinand I made an inspection tour to the kingdom, the valet parking in Galicia brought him two chickens for lunch, but no bread. "Do not do anything," said the monarch, and sent an officer to take two tablets. The bread came, but the king, noting that the crown prince only ate the chicken, said: "Neither, Ciccio, you magnificent without bread?" Frankie complained that it was hard and stale, "Magnatello, and avarissi siempe, ' or the locksmith surdato that are better 'and nuje "the father replied.
- Ferdinand I, addressed to a minister who criticized the Tanucci (long in power): "shut up, hoist it lu teacher, we will pacifiers."
